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Journal Summary
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Virology. 2003 Jun 5;310(2):216-23 Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, The Royal Veterinary College, London, UK.
An investigation into the causes of canine infectious respiratory disease was carried out in a large rehoming kennel. Tissue samples taken from the respiratory tract of diseased dogs were tested for the presence of coronaviruses using RT-PCR with conserved primers for the polymerase gene. Sequence analysis of four positive samples showed the presence of a coronavirus with high similarity to both bovine and human coronavirus (strain OC43) in their polymerase and spike genes, whereas there was a low similarity to comparable genes in the enteric canine coronavirus. This canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCV) was detected by RT-PCR in 32/119 tracheal and 20/119 lung samples, with the highest prevalence being detected in dogs with mild clinical symptoms. Serological analysis showed that the presence of antibodies against CRCV on the day of entry into the kennel decreased the risk of developing respiratory disease.
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Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, United Kingdom.
In this investigation a population of dogs at a rehoming center was monitored over a period of 2 years. Despite regular vaccination of incoming dogs against distemper, canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2), and canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV), respiratory disease was endemic. Tissue samples from the respiratory tract as well as paired serum samples were collected for analysis. The development of PCR assays for the detection of CPIV, canine adenovirus types 1 and 2, and canine herpesvirus (CHV) is described. Surprisingly, canine adenovirus was not detected in samples from this population, whereas 19.4% of tracheal and 10.4% of lung samples were positive for CPIV and 12.8% of tracheal and 9.6% of lung samples were positive for CHV. As reported previously, a novel canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV) was detected in this population (K. Erles, C. Toomey, H. W. Brooks, and J. Brownlie, Virology 310:216-223, 2003). Infections with CRCoV occurred mostly during the first week of a dog's stay at the kennel, whereas CPIV and CHV were detected at later time points. Furthermore, the evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies to CPIV and an immunofluorescence assay for detection of antibodies to CHV is described. This study shows that CPIV is present at kennels despite vaccination. In addition, other agents such as CHV and CRCoV may play a role in the pathogenesis of canine respiratory disease, whereas CAV-2 and canine distemper virus were not present in this population, indicating that their prevalence in the United Kingdom is low due to widespread vaccination of dogs.
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Serological prevalence of canine respiratory coronavirus.
Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK.
Canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV) has recently been detected in dogs; it is a group 2 coronavirus showing similarity to bovine coronavirus (BCoV) but is distinct from canine enteric coronavirus (CECoV). CRCoV may play an important role in canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD) either by predisposing to further and potentially more serious viral and bacterial infections or possibly as a primary pathogen. The prevalence of serum antibodies to CRCoV, in a population of dogs in the south east of England, has been shown previously to be 30.1% on the first day of entry to a rehoming kennel [Erles, K., Toomey, C., Brooks, H.W., Brownlie, J., 2003. Detection of a group 2 coronavirus in dogs with canine infectious respiratory disease. Virology 310, 216-223]. The purpose of this study was to establish the prevalence of CRCoV in the general canine population within as well as outside the UK. An ELISA, used to test for the presence of antibodies to CRCoV in canine serum samples, identified seropositive dogs in UK, USA, Canada, Republic of Ireland and Greece. The development of an ELISA based on CRCoV antigen and immunofluorescence assay are described here. 54.7% (547/1000) of North American and 36.0% (297/824) of United Kingdom dogs were seropositive for CRCoV. The age and geographical distribution of seropositive dogs was also assessed. The cross-reactivity demonstrated between CRCoV antibodies from different countries and a UK viral isolate suggests immunological similarity. The overall prevalence of this virus in both North America and the UK suggests that CRCoV has international significance and that further epidemiological studies are required. |
Investigation into the causes of canine infectious respiratory disease: antibody responses to canine respiratory coronavirus and canine herpesvirus in two kennelled dog populations
Journal: Author: Erles, K.; Brownlie, J.
Year: 2005
Abstract: Two training centres for working dogs were monitored for one year to determine the presence of viruses and viral antibodies and their association with canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD). Tonsillar swabs and serum were obtained from dogs on entry into the kennels and in regular intervals thereafter. Additional samples were collected during outbreaks of CIRD. The swabs were examined by virus culture and PCR for canine parainfluenza virus, canine adenovirus, canine herpesvirus (CHV) and canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV). Furthermore the prevalence of antibodies to CHV and CRCoV was determined. During this study CIRD was reported mainly in one of the two kennels investigated. In that kennel antibody responses to CRCoV indicated a seasonal occurrence of the virus, which coincided with two outbreaks of respiratory disease. CHV antibody responses were detected throughout the year. In the other kennel, which reported few cases of CIRD a high prevalence of antibodies to CRCoV was detected on entry but only sporadic seroconversions to CRCoV or CHV. By PCR three dogs were found positive for CRCoV in one kennel whereas all PCR tests for other viruses were negative for both kennels. Virus culture failed to detect any viruses in either kennel.
Notes: 0304-8608
Journal article
Arch Virol 2005 Apr 21;.
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Mycoplasmas associated with canine infectious respiratory disease
Journal: Microbiology
Author: Chalker, V. J.; Owen, W. M.; Paterson, C.; Barker, E.; Brooks, H.; Rycroft, A. N.; Brownlie, J.
Volume: 150 Issue: Pt 10 Pages: 3491-7. Date: Oct Year: 2004
Abstract: Canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD) is a complex infection that occurs worldwide predominantly in kennelled dogs, and several bacterial and viral micro-organisms have been associated with outbreaks of CIRD. However, few studies have comprehensively examined the species of mycoplasma present in healthy dogs and those with CIRD. As part of an extensive study investigating the micro-organisms involved in CIRD, the species of mycoplasma present throughout the respiratory tract of dogs with and without CIRD were determined. Mycoplasmas were cultured from tonsillar, tracheal and bronchial lavage samples, and identified to the species level by PCR and sequencing. Mycoplasma cynos was demonstrated on the ciliated tracheal epithelium by in situ hybridization and was the only mollicute found to be associated with CIRD, but only in the lower respiratory tract. Isolation of M. cynos was correlated with an increased severity of CIRD, younger age and a longer time in the kennel.
Notes: 1350-0872
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Longitudinal study of viruses associated with canine infectious respiratory disease
Journal: J Clin Microbiol
Author: Erles, K.; Dubovi, E. J.; Brooks, H. W.; Brownlie, J.
Volume: 42 Issue: 10 Pages: 4524-9. Date: Oct Year: 2004
Abstract: In this investigation a population of dogs at a rehoming center was monitored over a period of 2 years. Despite regular vaccination of incoming dogs against distemper, canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2), and canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV), respiratory disease was endemic. Tissue samples from the respiratory tract as well as paired serum samples were collected for analysis. The development of PCR assays for the detection of CPIV, canine adenovirus types 1 and 2, and canine herpesvirus (CHV) is described. Surprisingly, canine adenovirus was not detected in samples from this population, whereas 19.4% of tracheal and 10.4% of lung samples were positive for CPIV and 12.8% of tracheal and 9.6% of lung samples were positive for CHV. As reported previously, a novel canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV) was detected in this population (K. Erles, C. Toomey, H. W. Brooks, and J. Brownlie, Virology 310:216-223, 2003). Infections with CRCoV occurred mostly during the first week of a dog's stay at the kennel, whereas CPIV and CHV were detected at later time points. Furthermore, the evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies to CPIV and an immunofluorescence assay for detection of antibodies to CHV is described. This study shows that CPIV is present at kennels despite vaccination. In addition, other agents such as CHV and CRCoV may play a role in the pathogenesis of canine respiratory disease, whereas CAV-2 and canine distemper virus were not present in this population, indicating that their prevalence in the United Kingdom is low due to widespread vaccination of dogs.
Notes: 0095-1137
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Detection of a group 2 coronavirus in dogs with canine infectious respiratory disease
Journal: Virology
Author: Erles, K.; Toomey, C.; Brooks, H. W.; Brownlie, J.
Volume: 310 Issue: 2 Pages: 216-23. Date: Jun 5 Year: 2003
Abstract: An investigation into the causes of canine infectious respiratory disease was carried out in a large rehoming kennel. Tissue samples taken from the respiratory tract of diseased dogs were tested for the presence of coronaviruses using RT-PCR with conserved primers for the polymerase gene. Sequence analysis of four positive samples showed the presence of a coronavirus with high similarity to both bovine and human coronavirus (strain OC43) in their polymerase and spike genes, whereas there was a low similarity to comparable genes in the enteric canine coronavirus. This canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCV) was detected by RT-PCR in 32/119 tracheal and 20/119 lung samples, with the highest prevalence being detected in dogs with mild clinical symptoms. Serological analysis showed that the presence of antibodies against CRCV on the day of entry into the kennel decreased the risk of developing respiratory disease.
Notes: 0042-6822
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Intranasal vaccine trial for canine infectious tracheobronchitis (kennel cough)
Journal: Lab Anim Sci
Author: Glickman, L. T.; Appel, M. J.
Volume: 31 Issue: 4 Pages: 397-9. Date: Aug Year: 1981
Abstract: Two field trials were conducted during periods of endemic (summer) and epizootic (winter) canine infectious tracheobronchitis activity to evaluate the efficacy of three intranasal vaccines in a closed commercial beagle breeding kennel. A trivalent vaccine containing Bordetella bronchiseptica, canine parainfluenza, and canine adenovirus-2 was administered at 3 weeks of age. The vaccine was 71.2% and 81.8% effective in decreasing the incidence of coughing during the winter and summer trials, respectively. The number of deaths was lower in each of the vaccine groups than in the placebo groups. No adverse reactions were observed with any of the intranasal vaccines.
Notes: 0023-6764
Journal Article
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Bordetella bronchiseptica infection in pediatric lung transplant recipients
Journal: Pediatr Transplant
Author: Ner, Z.; Ross, L. A.; Horn, M. V.; Keens, T. G.; MacLaughlin, E. F.; Starnes, V. A.; Woo, M. S.
Volume: 7 Issue: 5 Pages: 413-7. Year: 2003
Abstract: Bordetella bronchiseptica are small, pleomorphic Gram-negative coccobacilli which are commensal organisms in the upper respiratory tract of many wild and domestic animals ('kennel cough' in dogs). While it is common for health care providers to ask about exposure to ill family/friends, most do not routinely inquire about the health or immunization status of household pets. We report two cases of B. bronchiseptica pneumonia in lung transplant recipients [cystic fibrosis (CF); ages 10 and 15 yr; one male] who contracted B. bronchiseptica from pet dogs. We compared their course and outcome to four children (two CF, one congenital heart disease and one Duchenne's muscular dystrophy; four males, age range 6 months to 14 yr) with B. bronchiseptica cultured from the respiratory tract. Two of the four patients also acquired their illnesses from pet dogs and two from unknown sources. One lung transplant recipient expired from progressive respiratory failure. We conclude that B. bronchiseptica can cause serious infections in both immunosuppressed and immunocompetent children. We speculate that a detailed history of exposure to ill pets (particularly dogs), and the immunization status of all pets should be included in the routine evaluation of all pediatric transplant recipients.
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Hepatocellular necrosis associated with the subcutaneous injection of an intranasal Bordetella bronchiseptica-canine parainfluenza vaccine
Journal: J Am Anim Hosp Assoc
Author: Toshach, K.; Jackson, M. W.; Dubielzig, R. R.
Volume: 33 Issue: 2 Pages: 126-8. Date: Mar-Apr Year: 1997
Abstract: A three-year-old wire fox terrier inadvertently was given an intranasal Bordetella bronchiseptica and canine parainfluenza vaccine subcutaneously. The dog subsequently developed both a local inflammatory reaction at the injection site and acute, nonseptic hepatocellular degeneration and necrosis. The patient was treated successfully with intravenous fluids and amikacin. Two months after the injection, the serum bile acid concentrations and hepatic histopathology indicated the presence of continued hepatocellular disease.
Author Address: Department of Medical Sciences, Veterinary of Medical Teaching Hospital, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706, USA.
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Immune modulation following immunization with polyvalent vaccines in dogs
Journal: Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology
Author: Strasser, Alois; May, Bettina; Teltscher, Andrea; Wistrela, Eva; Niedermuller, Hans
Volume: 94 Issue: 3-4 Pages: 113-121 Date: 2003/8/15 Year: 2003
Abstract: Abstract
A decline in T-cell-mediated immunity and transient state of immunosuppression after immunization has been reported in dogs. Nevertheless, dogs are still routinely vaccinated with polyvalent live vaccines and severe disease does not generally occur. In order to investigate these effects on the canine immune system and to elucidate possible mechanisms we determined the following immune parameters in the blood of 33 clinically sound German shepherd dogs before and after standard vaccination with a polyvalent vaccine against distemper, parvovirus, viral hepatitis, leptospirosis, kennel cough and rabies: white and differential blood cell count, the serum concentrations and/or activities of IL-1, IL-2, IFN-, TNF-, neopterin and IgG, natural killer (NK) cell activity, bactericidal activity and complement hemolytic activity, lymphocyte proliferation test (LPT) and nitroblack tetrazolium test (NBT).
Our major findings were that significant postvaccinal decreases in T-cell mitogenic response to PHA and in neutrophil function and neopterin serum concentration were accompanied by simultaneous increase in plasma IgG and hemolytic complement activity. This suggests a transient shift in the balance between cell-mediated and humoral (TH1/TH2) immunity rather than immunosuppression.
These results do not imply that dogs should not receive live vaccines, as the response to vaccines just seems to create a state of altered homeostasis when immunization elicits protection by humoral and cell-mediated immunity. However, these recognized compromises of immune function should be considered and vaccines still be applied only in healthy animals and strictly according to the rules and regulations given by the manufacturer.
Notes: TY - JOUR
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TD5-48TMFKH-2/2/e32da6bac41e3674897d73912216b261
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Molecular epidemiology of feline bordetellosis in two animal shelters in California, USA
Journal: Prev Vet Med
Author: Foley, J. E.; Rand, C.; Bannasch, M. J.; Norris, C. R.; Milan, J.
Volume: 54 Issue: 2 Pages: 141-56. Date: Jun 25 Year: 2002
Abstract: "Kennel cough" in dogs in animal shelters is readily transmissible, reduces adoption rates, and commonly leads to the euthanasia of affected dogs. In cats, tracheobronchitis, conjunctivitis, and pneumonia have been associated with Bordetella bronchiseptica infection-but most cases of upper-respiratory infection (URI) probably are caused by herpesvirus and calicivirus, and many B. bronchiseptica culture-positive cats are clinically normal. Our prospective observational study was undertaken to document the contribution of B. bronchiseptica to disease in cats and dogs from two animal shelters undergoing outbreaks of canine kennel cough, to evaluate whether cross-species transmission might have occurred, and to determine if the presence of infected cats represented a risk to dogs. Clinically defined cases of kennel cough in dogs and URI in cats were investigated in two shelters by calculating clinical-disease incidence, alveolar-lavage cytological examination, bacterial and viral cultures, antibiotic-susceptibility testing, and molecular fingerprinting by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.In a 40-cat and 40-dog "no-kill" shelter, the prevalences of culture positivity were 47% for B. bronchiseptica and 36% for calicivirus at the same time as two resident dogs demonstrated clinical cough. When no dogs had kennel cough 3 months later, 10% of cats were B. bronchiseptica-culture-positive and 63% calicivirus positive. In a large traditional shelter, the incidence of kennel cough in dogs increased over 12 weeks to a maximum of 19 cases/week/120 dogs, during which time the culture prevalence was 23% for B. bronchiseptica in dogs and 47% in cats. Three to 6 months before the kennel-cough epidemic, no dogs or cats were B. bronchiseptica positive. Very little genetic variability was detected in isolates from these shelters; all isolates except one corresponded to a single strain type which was identical to the pattern in a vaccine used in these shelters. Isolates from other cats, a horse, a llama, and a sea otter were genetically distinct from the shelter isolates. There was widespread resistance to cephalosporins and ampicillin, but low or no resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanate, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, and enrofloxacin. Greater percent resistance was observed in the traditional shelter than in the no-kill shelter and feline isolates were more likely to be resistant than canine isolates.
Notes: pdf file on computer under infectious disease - kennel cough
Author Address: Center for Companion Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. jefoley@ucdavis.edu
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A placebo-controlled trial of two intranasal vaccines to prevent tracheobronchitis (kennel cough) in dogs entering a humane shelter
Journal: Preventive Veterinary Medicine
Author: Edinboro, Charlotte H.; Ward, Michael P.; Glickman, Larry T.
Volume: 62 Issue: 2 Pages: 89-99 Date: 2004/2/26 Year: 2004
Abstract: A placebo-controlled field trial was conducted to compare the effectiveness of intranasal (IN) vaccines containing Bordetella bronchiseptica and canine-parainfluenza virus, with (IN-BPA) or without (IN-BP) canine-adenovirus type 2, for prevention of kennel cough at a humane shelter. Dogs were examined on admission to the shelter and those without respiratory signs of disease were assigned daily, on a rotating basis, to receive one of three vaccines. We enrolled 972 healthy dogs. Dogs were monitored for up to 30 days post-vaccination for coughing and other clinical signs of respiratory disease. Thirty-three (10.7%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 7.2, 14.2) dogs in the IN-BP group, 36 (10.2%; 95% CI: 7.0, 13.4) dogs in the IN-BPA group, and 42 (13.5%; 95% CI: 9.7, 17.3) dogs in the IN-P group coughed spontaneously for 1 day within 30 days of vaccination (P=0.37). The IN-BP and IN-BPA vaccines were 20.7 and 24.4% effective, respectively, in reducing coughing compared with a placebo vaccine. The strongest prognostic factor for coughing (regardless of vaccine group) was the number of days spent at the shelter, with each additional day increasing the risk of coughing by 3% (95% CI: 0.5, 6.3). The low incidence of coughing in the shelter during this study precluded observation of differences in vaccine effectiveness. No differences in vaccine-associated adverse events (coughing, sneezing, nasal or ocular discharge) were noted during the first 3 days post-administration or thereafter.
Notes: Time in shelter only significant risk for developing cough: 3% increase in risk each day in shelter.
Lower efficacy in the shelter compared to a vaccine in a kennel (efficacy 70-80% with adenovirus, 45-70 without adenovirus.
URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TBK-4BHVH7V-1/2/b66a780f4319d469f16c9f208f0f3869
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Bordetella infections in dogs and cats: pathogenesis, clinical signs and diagnosis
Journal: Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian
Author: Datz, Craig
Volume: 25 Issue: 12 Pages: 896-900 Date: December Year: 2003
Notes: Mean incubation 6.5, range 1-14 days in survey of practitioners. Duration of clinical signs days to weeks. Recovered up to 14 weeks after infection (19 weeks in cats).
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Bordetella infections in dogs and cats: treatment and prevention
Journal: Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian
Author: Datz, Craig
Volume: 25 Issue: 12 Pages: 902-914 Year: 2003
Notes: Penicillins not good except Clavamox. AND don't penetrate well into bronchial secretions, so even Clavamox probably not a great choice except in rhinitis or secondary infection suspected. Even ceftiofur (of cephalosporins) was not effective, other newer cephs not evaluated yet. Macrolides not well documented. TMS was effective in a retrospective case study. Aminoglycosides have good penetration, suggest nebulization. Fluoroquinolones good penetration, good susceptibility. Feline isolate was found to have plasmid mediated resistance to tetracyclines, but still considered by some to be treatment of choice. Antitussives: hydrocodone best, can try butorphanol, lomotil has been reported effective for chronic cough (diphenoxylate-atropine). Occassionally recommend bronchodilators (i.e. aminophylline). Corticosteroids - antiinflammatory dose for 3-5 days in uncomplicated cases! Cleaning, temperature, humidity and air change recommendations. Vaccine: 24 hours no protection, 48 hours 20%, day 4 56%, day 5 83%, day 14, 95%. Combo with parainfluenza and adeno better than bacteria alone. Give as young as 3 weeks.
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