Journal Summary
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When to neuter dogs and cats: a survey of New York state veterinarians' practices and beliefs
Journal: J Am Anim Hosp Assoc
Author: Spain, C. V.; Scarlett, J. M.; Cully, S. M.
Volume: 38 Issue: 5 Pages: 482-8. Date: Sep-Oct Year: 2002
Abstract: Practicing veterinarians in small-animal or mixed-animal practice in New York state were surveyed about their beliefs and practices regarding the age at which dogs and cats should be neutered and their attitudes toward early neutering (at 4 months of age or younger). The majority of veterinarians routinely recommended neutering for all client animals (70.6%) and supported the routine neutering of shelter animals before adoption (90.3%). More veterinarians in this study reported at least one perceived benefit (91.3%) for early neutering than reported at least one perceived risk (84.4%). Veterinarians with experience neutering early were less likely to believe that the procedure was associated with one or more risks.
Author Address: Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
Reference Type: Journal Article
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Working with breeders on solutions to pet overpopulation
Journal: J Am Vet Med Assoc
Author: Cloud, D. F.
Volume: 202 Issue: 6 Pages: 912-914 Year:
Notes: Schaumburg, Ill. : The Association. Mar 15, 1993
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Zoonoses in practice
Journal: Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract
Author: Beran, G. W.
Volume: 23 Issue: 5 Pages: 1085-107. Year: 1993
Abstract: Twenty-five zoonoses of importance in the United States are focused upon in this article. Each is presented in outline form. Items are presented in a convenient format that can be of use in explaining zoonoses to owners of animals in which a specific zoonoses has been diagnosed. Also described are specific actions to be taken in diagnosing suspected zoonotic diseases, in preventing transmissions of zoonoses from infected animals to humans in contact or from infected humans to susceptible animals, in notifying physicians of potential human exposure to zoonotic disease, and in reporting to health authorities of those diseases that require notification.
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Zoonotic Dermatoses of Dogs and Cats
Journal: Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice
Author: Scott, Danny W.; Horn, Robert T.
Volume: 17 Issue: 1 Pages: 117-144 Date: January Year: 1987
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Zoonotic parasitic diseases: a legal and medical update.
Journal: Veterinary Forum
Author: Wilson, J.F. ; Lacroix, Charlotte; Allert, Candace
Pages: 40-46 Date: January Year: 1996
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Zoonotic Visceral and Ocular Larva Migrans
Journal: Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice
Author: Glickman, L. T.
Volume: 17 Issue: 1 Pages: 39-54 Date: january Year: 1987
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[Effect of disinfectants on surface hydrophobicity and mobility in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104]
Journal: Ceska Slov Farm
Author: Majtanova, L.; Majtan, V.
Volume: 52 Issue: 3 Pages: 141-7. Date: May Year: 2003
Abstract: The paper evaluated antibacterial efficacy of 12 disinfectants on the basis of quaternary ammonium compounds (KAZ) on the isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium of the definitive phage type 104 (DT104). One isolate--5551/99--represented the multiresistant phenotype, resistant to ampicillin (A), chloramphenicol (C), streptomycin (S), and tetracycline (T). The second isolate--577/99--was sensitive to all antibiotics tested. The present study further examined the capability of sub-MIC concentrations of disinfectants to intervene into surface hydrophobicity and motility of the strains tested. The results showed that all disinfectants under study exhibited high antibacterial activity. It is of interest that the isolate resistant to antibiotics was more sensitive to disinfectants in comparison with the isolate resistant to antibiotics. The most effective substances against strain 5551/99 (R-type) were Sokrena, Triquart, Hexaquart plus, ID213, and Microbac forte, and those most effective against strain 577/99 (S-type) were Benzalkonium chloride and Hexaquart plus (MIC 0.09-0.19 microliter/ml). Surface hydrophobicity of both tested strains after the action of sub-MIC (1/16, 1/8, 1/4 of MIC) of disinfectants was not influenced in a more marked way. In the case of strain 5551/99, the highest percentage of inhibition of adherence to xylene, to 69.5% versus the control, was produced by 1/4 of MIC of the substance Triquart and, in the whole concentration range, by the substance Microbac forte. After the action of most substances to strain 577/99, stimulation of adherence took place. Only substance ID213 induced inhibition of adherence in the whole concentration range. The salt-aggregative capabilities of both strains were not influenced in a more marked way. The only exceptions were the action of 1/4 of MIC of the substances Cetrimid, Sokrena, ID212, Forten, and 1/8 of MIC of Hexaquart S on strain 577/99, where a decrease in hydrophobicity was observed. A moderate inhibition of motility was found after the action of 1/4 of MIC of Benzalkonium chloride (to 87.5%) and A.D.L. 007 (to 85.2%) on strain 5551/99. In the case of sensitive isolate 577/99, the most markedly manifested inhibition effect was that of Sokrena within the whole concentration range and that of 1/4 of MIC ID213. The results can be used in the selection of a suitable disinfectant for decontamination of solid surfaces. The effect of substances under study on surface hydrophobicity and motility of the important, food-transferred pathogen in the sense of inhibition or stimulation points out to intervention into its pathogenic potential.
Author Address: Ustav preventivnej a klinickej mediciny, Bratislava. majtanova@upkm.sk
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[Fauna and incidence of endoparasites in kittens and their mothers from different husbandry situations in south Germany]
Journal: Tierarztl Prax
Author: Beelitz, P.; Gobel, E.; Gothe, R.
Volume: 20 Issue: 3 Pages: 297-300. Date: Jun Year: 1992
Abstract: In this epidemiological study 100 litters of Southern Germany were investigated. 70 litters were kept on farms and 30 litters originated from mother cats kept indoors. At least 9 species were detected in litters from farms, 77.1% of these litters were infected with T. cati, 1.4% with hookworms, 10% with Capillaria, 10% with H. taeniaeformis, 67.1% with I. felis, 48.6% with I. rivolta, 17.1% with Toxoplasma/Hammondia, 4.3% with C. parvum and 1.4% with Giardia. In litters kept indoors only 5 species were established. 3.3% were infected with T. cati, 46.6% with I. felis, 33.3% with I. rivolta, 6.6% with Giardia and 3.3% with C. parvum. Analogous differences as regards to the keeping conditions existed also for the mother cats.
Notes: 0303-6286
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[Veterinary surveillance in animal shelters--defects and potentials]
Journal: Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr
Author: Mertens, P.; Unshelm, J.
Volume: 101 Issue: 6 Pages: 232-7 Date: Jun Year: 1994
Abstract: Looking after the stock of local animal shelters takes a considerable part of the field of activity of veterinarians. Because of the recent situation on the job market it is of interest for the veterinary profession to provide and extend this scope of duties. In order to give a comprehensive survey of the possibilities of curative and preventive herd advising in animal shelters, 369 managers of German animals shelters were asked to answer a questionnaire containing 92 answers, concerning the situation in the animal shelter. The answers of 144 animal shelters go to prove the following results. In 41% of the animal shelters veterinarians are visiting for rounds in regular intervals, 46% of the shelters are calling the veterinarians only if needed. 1% of the animal shelters bring sick animals into the clinic and 1% does not provide any medical care for the animals. At the moment 11% of the questioned animal shelters offer positions for veterinarians. In these case a significantly better, mainly preventive medical care is found compared to shelters without regular medical care. Deworming (98%) and vaccinations (91%) are provided routinely for dogs being brought to the animal shelter recently. In 46% of the animal shelters employees vaccinate dogs during the absence of a veterinarian. Therefore, 36% of the animal shelters bring new dogs into contact with the others without a soundness examination. Even though 60% of the animal shelters dispose quarantine units, dogs are only isolated for 7 days in average in 15% of the animal shelters. The most common disease of dogs in animal shelters is diarrhoea.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Author Address: Institut fur Tierhygiene, Verhaltenskunde und Tierschutz, Tierarztlichen Fakultat, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat, Munchen.
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Virology. 2003 Jun 5;310(2):216-23 Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, The Royal Veterinary College, London, UK.
An investigation into the causes of canine infectious respiratory disease was carried out in a large rehoming kennel. Tissue samples taken from the respiratory tract of diseased dogs were tested for the presence of coronaviruses using RT-PCR with conserved primers for the polymerase gene. Sequence analysis of four positive samples showed the presence of a coronavirus with high similarity to both bovine and human coronavirus (strain OC43) in their polymerase and spike genes, whereas there was a low similarity to comparable genes in the enteric canine coronavirus. This canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCV) was detected by RT-PCR in 32/119 tracheal and 20/119 lung samples, with the highest prevalence being detected in dogs with mild clinical symptoms. Serological analysis showed that the presence of antibodies against CRCV on the day of entry into the kennel decreased the risk of developing respiratory disease.
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Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, United Kingdom.
In this investigation a population of dogs at a rehoming center was monitored over a period of 2 years. Despite regular vaccination of incoming dogs against distemper, canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2), and canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV), respiratory disease was endemic. Tissue samples from the respiratory tract as well as paired serum samples were collected for analysis. The development of PCR assays for the detection of CPIV, canine adenovirus types 1 and 2, and canine herpesvirus (CHV) is described. Surprisingly, canine adenovirus was not detected in samples from this population, whereas 19.4% of tracheal and 10.4% of lung samples were positive for CPIV and 12.8% of tracheal and 9.6% of lung samples were positive for CHV. As reported previously, a novel canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV) was detected in this population (K. Erles, C. Toomey, H. W. Brooks, and J. Brownlie, Virology 310:216-223, 2003). Infections with CRCoV occurred mostly during the first week of a dog's stay at the kennel, whereas CPIV and CHV were detected at later time points. Furthermore, the evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies to CPIV and an immunofluorescence assay for detection of antibodies to CHV is described. This study shows that CPIV is present at kennels despite vaccination. In addition, other agents such as CHV and CRCoV may play a role in the pathogenesis of canine respiratory disease, whereas CAV-2 and canine distemper virus were not present in this population, indicating that their prevalence in the United Kingdom is low due to widespread vaccination of dogs.
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Serological prevalence of canine respiratory coronavirus.
Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK.
Canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV) has recently been detected in dogs; it is a group 2 coronavirus showing similarity to bovine coronavirus (BCoV) but is distinct from canine enteric coronavirus (CECoV). CRCoV may play an important role in canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD) either by predisposing to further and potentially more serious viral and bacterial infections or possibly as a primary pathogen. The prevalence of serum antibodies to CRCoV, in a population of dogs in the south east of England, has been shown previously to be 30.1% on the first day of entry to a rehoming kennel [Erles, K., Toomey, C., Brooks, H.W., Brownlie, J., 2003. Detection of a group 2 coronavirus in dogs with canine infectious respiratory disease. Virology 310, 216-223]. The purpose of this study was to establish the prevalence of CRCoV in the general canine population within as well as outside the UK. An ELISA, used to test for the presence of antibodies to CRCoV in canine serum samples, identified seropositive dogs in UK, USA, Canada, Republic of Ireland and Greece. The development of an ELISA based on CRCoV antigen and immunofluorescence assay are described here. 54.7% (547/1000) of North American and 36.0% (297/824) of United Kingdom dogs were seropositive for CRCoV. The age and geographical distribution of seropositive dogs was also assessed. The cross-reactivity demonstrated between CRCoV antibodies from different countries and a UK viral isolate suggests immunological similarity. The overall prevalence of this virus in both North America and the UK suggests that CRCoV has international significance and that further epidemiological studies are required. |
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2008 American Association of Feline Practitioners' feline retrovirus management guidelines
Julie Levy DVM, PhD, Dipl ACVIM, Cynda Crawford DVM, PhD, Katrin Hartmann Dr Med Vet, Dr Habil, Dipl ECVIM-CA, Regina Hofmann-Lehmann Dr Med Vet, Dr Habil, FVH, Susan Little DVM, Dipl ABVP (Feline Practice), Eliza Sundahl DVM, Dipl ABVP (Feline Practice) and Vicki Thayer DVM, Dipl ABVP (Feline Practice)
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) are among the most common infectious diseases of cats. Although vaccines are available for both viruses, identification and segregation of infected cats form the cornerstone for preventing new infections. Guidelines in this report have been developed for diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and management of FeLV and FIV infections. All cats should be tested for FeLV and FIV infections at appropriate intervals based on individual risk assessments. This includes testing at the time of acquisition, following exposure to an infected cat or a cat of unknown infection status, prior to vaccination against FeLV or FIV, prior to entering group housing, and when cats become sick. No test is 100% accurate at all times under all conditions; results should be interpreted along with the patient's health and risk factors. Retroviral tests can diagnose only infection, not clinical disease, and cats infected with FeLV or FIV may live for many years. A decision for euthanasia should never be based solely on whether or not the cat is infected. Vaccination against FeLV is highly recommended in kittens. In adult cats, antiretroviral vaccines are considered non-core and should be administered only if a risk assessment indicates they are appropriate. Few large controlled studies have been performed using antiviral or immunomodulating drugs for the treatment of naturally infected cats. More research is needed to identify best practices to improve long-term outcomes following retroviral infections in cats.
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Andrea L. Looney, DVM, DACVA; Mark W. Bohling, DVM, PhD, DACVS; Philip A. Bushby, DVM, MS, DACVS; Lisa M. Howe, DVM, PhD, DACVS; Brenda Griffin, DVM, MS, DACVIM; Julie K. Levy, DVM, PhD, DACVIM; Susan M. Eddlestone, DVM, DACVIM; James R. Weedon, DVM, MPH, DACVPM; Leslie D. Appel, DVM; Y. Karla Rigdon-Brestle, DVM; Nancy J. Ferguson, DVM; David J. Sweeney, DVM; Kathy A. Tyson, DVM; Adriana H. Voors, DVM; Sara C. White, DVM; Christine L. Wilford, DVM; Kelly A. Farrell, DVM; Ellen P. Jefferson, DVM; Michael R. Moyer, VMD; Sandra P. Newbury, DVM; Melissa A. Saxton, DVM; Janet M. Scarlett, DVM, MPH, PhD
As efforts to reduce the overpopulation and euthanasia of unwanted and unowned dogs and cats have increased, greater attention has been focused on spay-neuter programs throughout the United States. Because of the wide range of geographic and demographic needs, a wide variety of programs have been developed to increase delivery of spay-neuter services to targeted populations of animals, including stationary and mobile clinics, MASH-style operations, shelter services, feral cat programs, and services provided through private practitioners. In an effort to ensure a consistent level of care, the Association of Shelter Veterinarians convened a task force of veterinarians to develop veterinary medical care guidelines for spay-neuter programs. The guidelines consist of recommendations for preoperative care (eg, patient transport and housing, patient selection, client communication, record keeping, and medical considerations), anesthetic management (eg, equipment, monitoring, perioperative considerations, anesthetic protocols, and emergency preparedness), surgical care (eg, operating-area environment; surgical-pack preparation; patient preparation; surgeon preparation; surgical procedures for pediatric, juvenile, and adult patients; and identification of neutered animals), and postoperative care (eg, analgesia, recovery, and release). These guidelines are based on current principles of anesthesiology, critical care medicine, microbiology, and surgical practice, as determined from published evidence and expert opinion. They represent acceptable practices that are attainable in spay-neuter programs.
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Journal: Year: Abstract: Sixteen domestic cats were used to investigate the pituitary-adrenal, pituitary-gonadal and behavioural consequences of an unpredictable handling and husbandry routine. After a 10-day baseline period of standard laboratory procedures, 8 cats ('stressed cats', STR) were subjected to a 21-day period of altered caretaking characterized by irregular feeding and cleaning times, absence of talking and petting by humans, and daily unpredictable manipulation. Eight control cats (CON group) were maintained for 21 days on the standard schedule. Behaviour was recorded on time-lapse video 24 h day-1, urine was collected daily for cortisol analyses, and hormone stimulation tests with synthetic corticotropin (ACTH) and LH-releasing hormone (LHRH) were conducted before and after the 3-week treatment period. Results indicate that the STR cats were chronically stressed by the altered caretaking routine. Urinary cortisol concentrations were consistently elevated throughout the 3-week period, adrenal sensitivity to ACTH was enhanced and pituitary sensitivity to LHRH was reduced. Active exploratory and play behaviour was suppressed, and STR cats spent more time awake/alert and attempting to hide. Hiding was negatively correlated with cortisol concentration and, therefore, may be an important behaviour for coping with uncontrollable and unpredictable captive environments. It is concluded that poor caretaking is a potent psychological stressor for confined cats that may eventually affect reproduction through behavioural or physiological mechanisms. To promote well-being, caged cats should be provided with a place to hide..
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Mere exposure reduces cats neophobia to unfamiliar food
Author: Bradshaw, John W. Volume: 34 Issue: 2 Pages: 613-614 Date: 1986/4 Year: 1986
Abstract:Confirmed the presence of neophobia in 14 adult cats toward an artificial lamb flavor. Feeding in the presence of the vapor of the flavor reduced the Ss' neophobia. Peer Reviewed Journal; In English; Print Notes: TY - JOUR Abstract "Journal of applied animal welfare science : JAAWS." |
